Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics EssayThere be several(prenominal)(prenominal) evidences for agritourisms contribution for rustic culture from various countries. Not only in developed countries, researches in underdeveloped countries remove besides discovered numerous a(prenominal) findings regarding this phenomenon as agritourism has the ability to open up alternative income sources for the farmers as swell up as for the surrounding fraternity. As it is a masses- orient diligence, agritourism fundament offer many an(prenominal) capers which scum bag booster to revive hobnailed economies. Agritourism has different ways and intend of assisting countrified victimization and has ability to influence the sparing, socio-cultural and environmental rearment of whatever societies.3.3.1 Agritourism and uncouth teaching in developed countriesThere argon many signifi displacet studies in developed countries colligate to agritourism and agrarian incremen t. As per the take in of Haghiri and Okech (2011) on division of the agritourism management in developing the economy of rural aras in the province of Newfound lower and Labrador, Canada, in rural festering, agritourism acts as a source for the problem of poverty by giving sparingalal opportunities for the farmers. They go mentioned that the advancement of tourism and agritourism activities is one way to help develop the economy of rural aras in the province that is facing a series of challenges, such(prenominal) as half-size internal commercialize places shifting socio-demographics lack of sufficient investments the high ramble of out-migration diseconomies of scale and the underdeveloped economic infrastructure for the time being. Further, they allow identified three alternatives as starting the production of freshly products primitive fruits and vegetables, specialized livestock products like sheep, goats, fur, emu, rabbits, etc., farm-based feed products, s uch as bread, jams and jellies, and hand-loomed crafts and enhancing the embodying tourism products and also developing vernal markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, former(a) provinces of Canada, and international countries.In Bahamas, agritourism use forward linkages with kitchen-gardening and tourism by flat selling of awkward products and services to the visitors and also backward linkages such as indirect approach using an intermediary to provide products to the tourism sector. These activities break the income of farmers and finally helping for the rural development (Hepburn, 2008).Schmitt (2010) has done a study on the farming womens agency, coping strategies, visions and wishes against the dynamic changes of the awkward sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an of the essence(predicate) constant livelihood strategy for some farming families, it remains an additional income for others. twain way, it has turned out t o be a source of womens growing say-so as well as a sustainable ingredient of regional development.(Refer Mortan 2006 See End note)Agritourism in Italy has been able to conduct broad and forward-looking product range, sophisticated Marketing systems and or so importantly, extensive government supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear objective in assessment To halt rural out-migration by keeping farmers on the land (Porcaro, 2009).As per Choo, (2012) agritourism digest establish farmers an probability to generate additional income and to be an avenue for direct marketing of the farm products to consumers. It can also help counteract social and economic problems of the farms and topical anesthetic residents (loss of income, annexd expenses, globalization, and others (associated with the decline of conventionalistic floriculture industries). While the financial advantages with respect to employment and wages are clear, agritourism development can also elevat e the topical anesthetic quality of life. It can serve as an important source of tax revenues, which may steer to higher public services and lower topical anesthetic anesthetic tax rates. Agritourism can also support conservation of topical anaesthetic culture and traditions, helping to reserve the viability of small-scale agriculture (Choo, 2012).In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly back up as one of the rural development strategies. A number of agritourism enterprises are developing at topical anesthetic level with volunteer initiatives using the desires of local anesthetic people and local administrations that want to benefit from the facilities of agritourism in Turkey. For example in, Karaburun and capital of Turkey Villages, agritourism services such as accommodation, tasting and buying local foods by the urban people and administration to find extra income for them (Topcu-2007). Also, the Buday Associations ecologic Farm Holidays propose (Ta-Tu-Ta Project) in Turkey is a cooperative project conducted by volunteer farmers and non-governmental organization targeting to encourage ecological lifestyle. This project say that farmers benefit from agritourism by producing and selling of organic products to the visitors.Agritourism aids rural economic development by providing alternative use of tilth, increasing revenue of on-farm activities, up business sustainability, and bringing economic revenue to rural areas both on-the-scene(prenominal) and rough the operation. Agritourism also has the potential for informal outlandish education mingled with the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agriculture (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005).A study of Nasers, (2009) in Iowa UAS found that the furtherance of agritourism provides a beneficial relationship for local food systems as it helps to elicit the appeal of local foods. In order to challenge and rearrange the innovational-day agri-food system, Local food has become the social movements unifying physical composition. In contrast, the local food paradigm highlights the importance of food quality and freshness, environmental protection, an mortal connection to family and small scale farms, economic multiplier do which pass by when making local purchases and community self-reliance (Ostrom, 2006, p. 66). The demand for fresh educate continues to grow, offering producers the opportunity to development their profits with direct marketing. result marketing provides a link surrounded by consumers seeking high-quality produce and producers who are seeking an opportunity to compete in the produce industry (Kuches et al.). In addition to linking the consumer to the producer, direct marketing allows the producer to bypass the traditional diffusion network and earn a greater share of profits (Kuches et al.). As a form of direct marketing, agritourism creates opportunities for the producer to link with their consumer and directly market their products. Moreover, Agritourism is increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations in Iowa (Norby and Retallick, 2012). Twe (2010) defecate reported that agritourism is increasingly being follow in the United States as it defecates a myriad of economic and ingrained benefits to farmers, visitors and communities, keeps family farms in business and preserving American agricultural heritage, maximizing the productivity of farmland resources through their recreational use, and even advance the economic situation of local communities. Also agritourism is suggested to increase farm revenues and serve other farmer goals (Ollenburg and Buckley, 2007 McGehee and Kim, 2004 Nickerson et al., 2001). Farms that turn into agritourism are likely to utilize existing resources or other low-input options (Fisher, 2006). redundant economic support f or the farm business is especially important in the current time callable to increased land treasures and agricultural input costs (Salamon, 2003 Busby and Rendle, 1999 Ilbery, 1991).Agritourism generally activates as a small family enterprises, so its both socially and economically profitable. Also Agritourism assists to mitigate expatriation from remote areas and generate profit by diversifying economy. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural areas adds quality to their life (Monica Iorio and Andrea Corsale, 2010). According to Gale, (2006) rural tourism enterprises provide novel sources of income for families living in remote areas. 2002, Sharpley (2002) has said that agritourism can offer job opportunities for rural people in local crafts and booze making sectors to provide additional income.Agritourism helps repopulation of rural areas, improvement of the public services, revival of local crafts and to increase opportunities for social contacts and exchan ge. Developing and organizing agritourism requires a substantial investment though potential investment is little. (Sharpley, 2002). Agritourism irrefutable educational force stimulates a thirst for knowledge of the outside world, encouraging entrepreneurial activity, providing extra income, generating new forms of employment, creating new patterns of travel or setting up potentially prejudicious demonstration effects, modifying culture and major economic leakages through transnational meshing (Hall, 1998). A study of Beglaryan, (2011) on Development of Agro tourism in Armenia, agritourism provides the opportunity to increase the potential forhighermargin,on-farmsalesand valueaddedproductsandservices. Because close Armenian farms are operated by small landowners, in that location is great opportunity for customization and singularity in agritourism attractions.Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritour ism can contribute for the agriculture rural development in several ways (Wicks and Marret 2003 Bruch, 2008). However, to fulfill this condition, several other requirements and conditions are crucial. For example, danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attention on barriers and structural shortcomings exist before focusing towards the potentials of development of farms which are in need of diversifying the business, and their economic support possibilities. Most importantly, the advices from the consultancy structures of the agricultural associations and from regional and national tourism development bodies and possible networks for green/farm/rural tourism operators are ask in order to gain the full potential of Denmarks rural tourism. (Nielsen,Aae Nissen and Just, 2010).With most agricultural producers in Miami-Dade County experiencing increased pressure by developers to sell their lands, travel operating costs, and stagnant or declining profit margins for most of the major agri cultural commodities, agritourism is a possible way to assist with preserving agriculture and open blank space and contributing to the longer- term economic variability of farm operations. Moreover, while the benefits of agritourism are vital to the individual producers, the benefits go much further with multiplier effects can harbor major impacts on the local economy (Evans and Hodges, 2006).The books review indicates that agritourism can provide farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as Generating secondary income for farm operators Preserving the visual and cultural rural beautify (Williams and Shaw, 1996 Luloff et al., 1 995 Turner and Davis, 1993) Reducing out migration by providing jobs (Friesen 1995 Ryan, 1995 Turner and Davis, 1993 Demoi, 1983). bring a transfer of ideas from urban to rural areas (Oppermann, 1996) Providing urban people with an bonk of rural living (Lowry, 1996 Reid et al., 1993) Diversifying the rural economy (Lowry, 1996 Ryan, 1 995 Maude and van Rest, 1985) Creating eventual market contacts with urban centers (Agricultural Land Commission, 1997 Bowen et al., 1991 Demoi, 1983) Making provisions for certain infrastructure (Bowen et al., 1991) and Enhancing the rural identity of communities and emphasizing the importance of agriculture in local areas (Luloff et al., 1995 Ryan, 1995). Therefore, it is substantive that most of the evidences are from developed countries and only a few are from developing countries.Agritourism is accepted by various countries in the world as a rural policy to create rural viability. Agritourism is one of the most diversifying tourism types and the entrepreneurship is passing in need of its success since it plays a major role there. This diversification has converted the agritourism into a strong sector in its rights from being an auxiliary commercial activity (Busby and Rendle 2000 Clarke J. 1998).3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing countriesWhen agritourism studies of Asia is concerned, only a few can be identified. For example, Utama (2007) has analyse on economic, social and environmental benefits the local community enjoys from agritourism and the demand for this industry among tourists in Bali, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to formulate the best strategies to innovate and get up up agritourism on Bali. Based on the study, he has found that increase in income of agritourism farmers and job opportunities for local residents, creating networks to strengthen regional or local structures, multiplier effects for small-scale direct investments, diversity increment of economic activities, stimulating physical infrastructure development, increasing the knowingness of the importance and value of an area, such as its nature and culture, landscape and the economic potencies and also developing the infrastructure in order to bring about opportunities for other economic development activities.Furthermore, creation of working fields for t he local communities through generating related tourism businesses, enhancing the values of the village that contributes for the forms of agricultural product improvements, stimulation of development of other related tourism enterprises such as restaurants, accommodations and handicraft shops, stir the social statuses of the local communities in order to reduce poverty, decrease unemployment and also to diminish urbanization though environmental conservation are sustainable tourism development indicators that contributed towards the development of agritourism in Bali. Increasing the arrival of tourists and creating economic incomes are some other contributions that play the key roles of agritourism in applying the sustainable tourism development in Bali.Furthermore, agritourism has contributed scores to the improvement of economy lives of the local communities in the forms of agricultural products sales, various of hand-make souvenirs or handicrafts sold for the tourists, chances to establish food stalls or restaurants and certain types of accommodation such as home-stay, bungalow, villa, and hotel, as well as village development. With respect to economy improvement, the stakeholders predominantly make that increasing agricultural products are the most contribution generated from agritourism development with average of 3.97. Moreover, agritourism has contributed toward improvement of social situation. There are three indicators which empower the strong suit of agritourism development such as poverty alleviation, decreasing the number of unemployment, and declining the urban. The stakeholders broadly agree that the Agritourism enables to alleviate poverties and decrease the unemployment since it provides work opportunities which can help to improve the quality of the villagers lives. Not only that, Agritourism has highly played a role in applying sustainable tourism development in Bali. Stakeholders predominantly have agreed that the agritourism developme nt contributes toward nature conservation as one of the important goals of sustainable tourism (sustaining nature, social life, and culture, as well as generating income for the local societies) (Utama, 2007).In Malaysia, according to the study of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, (2011) on Agritourism Potential opportunities for farmers and local communities, agritourism has made a vital economic contribution to rural areas and communities though providing local residents with additional sources of income, diversifying the economy and lending prestige to rural life. It enables many to fancy a novel form of travel and leisure, to gain new awareness and a positive attitude towards other worlds, towards the environment and towards local people and their culture. According to Said et al (2012) at Kampung Semarang village in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to enhance the agricultural value of the farms and livestock. It is also to promote the village as a new agri-based tourism destination, which would boost the standard of living amongst the farmers and villagers contributing for the local development. Also, Hamzah et.al., (2012) in their study on socio-economic impact potential of agritourism activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community living in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potential of rising the soul of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is helping to enhance the social empowerment, strengthen the community, diversify and intensify economic activities, provide job opportunities and alleviate poverty in that community.Agritourism has arisen as an important rural development strategy in Korea. The rural development program named rural theme village in is mainly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon (2006) have examine on this program and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernisation procedure of the national e conomy. And also, it has given insights to both farmers and policymakers to adopt a broader perspective than hither to agricultural product oriented attitude of rural development.In Thailand, Srisomyong (2010) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and seek to utilize all their resources to be fully of benefit from the growth of tourism. well-nigh activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A main opportunity for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could also suggest that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Revenue generated from them tends to be in a community, thus there has a small leakage of income.A study in the posit of Haryana (India) has discovered that agritourism help to get employment opportunities, put hoarding on roadsides, sustainability for agriculture proper, various sources of income, help farmers to enhance their knowledge. As it is a new enter prise with less competition it is business activity as compared to traditional farming less land with low productivity can give more returns maintain natural resources as nutrient mining is less and soil conservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution problems to environment, improve health and it protects local heritage and culture (Shehrawat, 2009).Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, (2012) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an innovative form of rural tourism, in the mise en scene of rural market as it can positively influence regional development through generating large scale employment and additional income sources to the apt and unskilled. Developing tourism in rural areas increases participation of the poor and brings wider benefits for the consentient community. Also, it is a sustainable revenue generating product for rural market via influent resources from urban to the rural economy.It can prevent migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialized form of rural tourism in rural market. According to Murangwa (2010) in India, agritourism is recognized as an essential part in the process of sustaining the economies. Agritourism is a key element of social and environmental business of rural tourism which leads to rural diversification of economy in toll of development of infrastructure such as tourism facilities like restaurants and accommodation, water, electricity, roads, telecom and health centers as well as creating occupations in order to increase income of the local communityAs all these informations are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an important role in tourism sector and it has able to contribute for rural development in substantive level in many contexts. The developing countries should therefore consider agritourism as emerging form of tourism that would undoubtedly lead to rural development as well as complementing other forms of tourism exis ting in their countries (Murangwa, 2010). Furthermore, in literature review, it was noted that agritourism is in a position to give better results under the favorable conditions especially where appropriate policies and programs are available. Therefore, desirable strategic plans are essential to minimize the negative impacts and optimize the positive impacts and to reach sustainable development in future.3. 4. Chapter SummaryRural development is one of the main targets of many countries. Agriculture had been played a significant role in the rural development in the past. However, due to several reasons such as open economic policies and globalization and liberalization of agricultural trade, now agriculture sector of several countries have gone down. Moreover, lots of other problems like high cost of production, low productivity, lack of modern technology, marketing problems are also in the sector. Owing to this situation for a certain period of time, rural development was expecte d through modernization approach paying emphasis on rural industries. By now, it has failed and a latest rural development is again pay attention highly on agricultural development in a sustainable way. In this background, the main challenges are to find ways and means of save the agriculture sector and get the contribution of it for the rural development as agriculture is the main resource available in rural areas. Many studies have identified agritourism as an important alternative in this regard due to its special characters to rejuiniail the agriculture sector and the rural development. Therefore, research on agritourism and rural development will be important for Sri Lanka as it is an agricultural country.