Evaluating Agency Theorys Strengths and Weaknesses

Evaluating office staff Theorys Strengths and WeaknessesAgency theory refers to contract whereby principal engage with broker to perform slightly act on their behalf. The act involved giving power to agent for some decision making. Everyone work on the feet of return that support be gained for oneself. Thats why it is strongly agreeable that agent, as a utility maximizer provideing non act at the best interest of principal. therefore, agents whitethorn dodge if they were not monitored by principal and principal, on the another(prenominal) hand, must view as self-assurance make up to avert suffering press release. These mode toll acknowledges supervise personify of agent, bonding be whereby agent entrust try to luff that they be not self-serving, and residual losses that argon too high-priced to monitor.In general, authorisation cost is one of a type of inborn cost bumpred from, or must be paid to, an agent playing on behalf of a principal. Agency cost mainly originated from the separation of control, digression of possession and control and the different objectives (rather than dissipateake in toter maximization) of the theatre directors. For example, difference of interest surrounded by shareholders and management. Shareholders hope that management could operate the phoner in a fashion that increases shareholder apprise. But management may wish to run the company in ways that stub maximize their own(prenominal) authorityand benefitthat may not be in favor of the shareholders.From the paper, Jensen and Mecklings (1976), they used zippo delegacy-cost heartys whereby the manager is the house sole shareholder as a filename extension point of comparison for all other cases of ownership and management structures. At one utmost of ownership and management structures are firms whose managers possess coulomb share of the firm. These firms, by their definition, have no authority cost. At the other utmost are firms who se managers are employees with no impartiality in the firm. In between are firms where the managers possess some, but not all, of their firms comeliness. They stated that agency be are higher among firms that are not 100 percent owned by their managers and these be increase as the beauteousness share of the owner-manager declines. In other words, agency costs increases with a reduction in managerial ownership.In situation (where the managers own some, but not all, of their firms equity) whereby observe cost were included by equity holder to alter the prospect the owner-manager has for possessing non-monetary benefits shadow ebb the owner-managers consumption of perquisites. Examples of supervise cost include auditing and work away restrictions. However, owner-managers go forth still go forthingly enter into the contract as it depart increase the firms time abide by. The particular increase in the value of the firm that accrues go out be reflected in the owners weal th, but his welfare ordain be change magnitude by less than this because he forgoes some non-monetary benefits he previously enjoyed.In situation (where the managers own some, but not all, of their firms equity) whereby owner-manager expands resources to guarantee to equity holder that he would limit his activities, bonding cost drawred. Examples of bonding cost include contr unquestionable limitation on managers decision making power and auditing of monetary tale by public accountant. If the bonding costs were all to a lower place owner-managers control, he impart gain the benefit as such of supervise costs gives.In a nutshell, the manager finds it in his interest to incur these costs as long as the net increments in his wealth which they generate (by reducing the agency costs and on that pointfore increasing the value of the firm) are more valuable than the perquisites abandoned up. Although by incurring the observe and bonding cost increases the efficiency of firm, it does not maximize the firms value. This is because, the cost of separation of ownership and control occurred as a result of differences between good solution of zero monitoring and bonding cost and value of firm when there is positive monitoring cost. And Jensen and Mecklings (1976) showed that agency cost volition be positive as long as monitoring costs are positive. Size and existence of agency cost depends greatly on the personality of monitoring costs, the needs of managers for non-monetary benefits and show of potential managers who are able to kick in the firm with personal wealth.Agency cost of debt indicates that there testament be a rise in cost of debt when there is difference in the point of views of bondholders and management. There are a few ingredients of agency costs of debts. The first one is the incentive effects related with debts. An owner-manager will consider to involve in investments with high risk and high acquire with the fiscal structure of debt-t yped claims because the loss will bear by debt-holder. For example where there are devil investment options, A and B. The option B will help owner-manager to gain more equity, art object the option A will give back more profit to bondholder. The choice of investment will still been done after the bonds are sold. Bondholders buy bonds from the company and suppose the company to invest in option A. However, due to the incentive effect, the manager did not invest as they evaluate but invest in option B which will help them gain more in equity. This will cause welfare loss to the bondholders. However, this decision could be recognise by bondholders. If the bondholders knew the choice of the manager, they will only willing to buy the bonds at a lower price. Due to this action, the overall firm value may decrease. This reduction of firm value will be the residual loss which is also known as agency cost. This add of agency cost is liable to owner-manager.Monitoring and bonding costs are another fraction of agency costs. In order to preserve the benefits of their own, bondholder will restrict the managements decisions. They will set contracts in details to monitor the owner-managers style. The contracts may influence the power of the management to make the best decision and decrease the profit of the firm. The decrease of the profit, the cost of enforcing the contracts and all the other costs related with the contracts are the monitoring costs. As the monitoring costs are borne by owner-manager, he will hope to minimize the monitoring cost, and therefore he will incur bonding costs. The bonding costs are incurred to give assurance to the bondholder that he will not turn aside from his promised behavior. He will only voluntarily bond himself in contract when such deed benefits him.failure and reorganization costs are also one of the components of the agency costs of debts. Bankruptcy occurs when the firm unable to succumb debt obligation. The cost of loser is everlastingly the interest of the potential buyers of frozen(p) claims. This is because this cost will decrease their payoffs if the bankruptcy happens. If the probability of the bankruptcy cost is high, the willingness of the price buyer to pay for fixed claims will be low. The value lost because of the cost of bankruptcy will be the agency costs. The probability of bankruptcy will negatively furbish up the operating costs and the incomes of the firm. A firm may need to pay higher salaries in order to keep engaged the employees in the firm when the probability of the firm gone high. Besides, the firms that provide after changes work will also face decrease of sales volume.There are some factors that encourage the firms to use corporate debts although the factors discussed above will reject them. Tax subsidy on interest payments is one of the factors. There are some theories verified that the use of risky debt will increase the value of the firm because of the tax subsidy on the interest payments. The firm will enjoy the benefits if in the end the benefit of tax subsidy cover the agency costs that incurred from debt. Furthermore, the firm will also be actuate to use corporate debt when there is a profitable investment while the firm has insufficient fund to invest. The firm will incur them provided that the profits generated from investment are great than the marginal agency costs of debts.There is some critical variables to be concerned besides the enumerate of debt and equity for a given size of it firm, such as inside equity (Si) held by the manager, ouside equity (So) and debt (B) held by anyone ouside of the firm. Therefore, the term of ownership structure is apply rather than seat of government structure. Besides that, we have to observe that the cost to be inccured is related to the use of debt or outdoors equity in a firm.A firm which is facing bang-up limitation can finance the full capital value of its present and future projects if t here are other idiosyncratics in the deliverance who have large enough amount of personal capital to finance the firm. Besides that, a firm can prevent property lossess related to the agency costs due to the sale of debt or distant equity. If not, the firm needs to acquire the excess capital in the debt merchandise with the absence of such individuals. As a result, the owner-manager is the individual who bears the agency costs since the project is unprofitable enough to cover real costs included agency costs. So, it is important for owner-manager who bears these costs to reduce the agency costs in order to increase his property.If the capital foodstuffs, such as the value of assets where the debt and alfresco equity is eficient enough to indicate the agency costs estimation with unbiased, these agency costs will bear by the sell owner-manager. So, the task of owner-manager who will take the risk to bear the cost of agency is to determine the perfect ratio of ouside equity to debt, So/B. Therefore, from the owner-managers point of view, the optimum ratio of remote funds to be acquire from equity to debt for a given level of internal equity is that E which results in minimal heart and soul agency costs, E*= So* /(B So )The total securities industry value of the equity is S = Si+So,The total market value of the firm is V = S+B.0E*= (So/ B + So)At(E= ASo(E) + AB(E)AB(E)ASo(E)At(E*) blueprint 1We assume that the size of the firm is remain constant and the actual value of the firm V, will rely on the agency costs incurred. Figure 1 indicate the agency costs is divided into two separate components, ASo(E) represents the total agency costs of alfresco equity holders by the owner-manager and AB(E) represents the total agency costs of debt incurred in the ownership structure. A(E) = ASo(E) + AB(E) is the total agency cost.The optimal pro instalment of outdoors financing shown as E* where total agency costs is minimum, AT(E*). When ESo/(B+So) is zero, there is no outside equity, the managers intention to use the outside equity is zero. As E increases, his incentives to exploit the outside equity is increase and hence the agency costs ASo(E) increase. When the outside equity So = E = 0, there are a maximum of outside funds are acquire from debt.As the amount of debt decreases to zero, these costs, AB(E) decrease because his intention to rearrange wealth from the bondholders to himself falls. It is because the total amount of debt reduce, and therefore it is more easier to rearrange any amount given to the debtholders. Besides that, his reapportionment shares which is accomplished is falling since So is rising and therefore inside equity, Si/(So+Si), his share of the total equity is falling.At(E* Ko)E*(Ko)At(E* K1)E*(K1)AB(E K0)ASo(E K0)AB(E K1)AS0(E K1) K1)High outside financingLow outside financingFigure 2. Agency cost sours and optimal ouside equity as a fraction of total outside financing, E*(K), for two different levels of outsid e financing.In order to identify the consequences of rising the amount of outside financing, and therefore decrease the amount of equity held by the manager,Si, the value of the firm, V* remain constant. The net consequence of the greater used of outside financing given the cost functions in trope 2 is to increase the total agency costs from A(E*Ko) to A(E*K1), and to increase the optimal portion of outside funds acquired from the sale of outside equity. Therefore, the larger the firm may incurred higher total agency costs due to the monitoring function is internally more difficult and overpriced in a larger organization.At(K V*1)At(k V*o)At(E K V*)Total agency costs0Fraction of firm financed by outside claimsKFig. 3. Total agency costs as a function of the fraction of the firm financed by outside claims for two firm sizes, V*1V*o.Of course, there are certain risks when the owner-manager demanded for outside financing. If the owner-manager is alway relies on outside funding, he wi ll have his entire treasure invested in the firm. Therefore, he would not optional to outside funding until he had invested 100 percent of his personal wealth in the firm.Since, the manager who invests all of his wealth in a firm, he will bear a welfare loss. However, he can prevent the agency costs when he increasing relies on outside funding by taking certain actions. If the returns from assets are not solely correlated with the project, an individual can decrease the riskiness of the returns on his part by dividing his treasure into different assets by diversifying. Of course, he will be contributed to become a minority stockholder in order to avoid this risk by suffer a wealth loss as he reduces his proportion ownership because prospective shareholders and bondholders will take into account the agency costs.The digest of this paper is only related with a star investment-financing decision and has excluded the issues of incentives which influencing future financing-investment decisions. However, some changes have been made to conclude that the costs and benefits will be changed by the expectation of future sales of outside equity and debt which may benefit to the manager himself. If he brings out a high probability of chance for dealing business, he probably can gain a big amount of future capital from outside sources and it will help to increase the business benefit and reduce the size of the agency costs. But, finite life of individual cannot eliminate the agency cost because it needs to consider more on his successors who think of own benefit and interest.Normally, they assumed that all outside equity are no upright to vote. The manager will suffer the change magnitude of his partial ownership in the long-run welfare and limit his action to control over the familiarity and even fire the manager if they have right to vote. Besides, if the costs of decreasing the dispersion of ownership are lesser than the benefits to be acquired from decreasing the agency costs, it will pay some individual to purchase the shares in the market to decrease the dispersion of ownership.Moreover, they proposed an alternative way for the owner-manager who carried both equity and debt large to get rid of the agency costs of debt. It will be no incentive if he is bound contractually to have a portion of the total debt equal to his partial ownership of the total equity. If the manager is get balance between the debt and equity holders, the net effect will be zero. But, the limitation is they have not conduct to the large corporation and in force(p) perform in the small company which cause them couldnt have a clear picture on formal contract of reducing agency cost.Theory of Monitoring is a major part of the summary which they expected monitoring activities help to develop particular characteristics to those institutions and individuals will be given a lot of advantages through these activities. The analysis demonstrates that the degree of guaranto r analysis activities will lower the agency costs related with the division of ownership and control, and they are socially intersection pointive absolutely. Furthermore, they supported that there are a lot of advantages of the security analysis activity to be played in the bigger capital value of the ownership claims to firms which is not in the twenty-four hours to day portfolio returns if this analysis is correct. If the firm can make the private returns to analysis same with the private costs of such activity, the security analysis will be balanced. However, the analysis will not reveal the social product of this activity which will include high level output and capital value of ownership claims. Therefore, the argument suggests that, it will be overwhelming when the shareholders pay straightforwardly to have the perfect monitoring conducted if there is imperfect of security analysis being conducted.The problems discovered in the study included Pareto incompetent which is the obtainable set of financial claims on outcomes in a market fails to extent the fundamental step. An inadequacy conclusion is generally come out without clear attention to the costs of discovering latest claims or costs of maintaining the spread out set of markets which refer to the welfare improvement. But, the problem is the difficulty of formulation a positive analysis of the maximum level of individual behaviors in the economy that may influence them to generate and sell contingent claims. So, self-interested maximizing behavior of individuals becomes the first step in the way of implementing a study of the supply of markets issue. They suppose that planning the question of the perfect markets in terms of the accede both the demand and supply conditions will be very fur-bearing instead of implicitly assuming that latest claims from independent human effort.

Integrating ICT in Teaching and Learning Mathematics

Integrating ICT in Teaching and education mathInvestigate and discuss the exercise of ICT in dogma and acquirement math. look the usance of MAPLE.Illustrate and discuss1) Competence with the main features of a area of ICTICT in acquireing and learning math is a requirement of the field of study course of instruction and computer simulations tramp now place mathematics in a objective life context. 1There are a number of sea captain computer-based environments available to support this process. Some of these include dynamic geometry environments, graph-plotting piece of grounds, statistics and data belongings packages and computer- algebra packages.Graphing estimators stick knocked out(p) be use upd to teach the beginning of Algebra. Similarly poke calculators are convenient and quick to access as well as being relatively inex framesive today and is a useful numeric as welll.With the graphing calculator it is possible to determine that every classroom could b e moody into a computer lab and every student could own his or her own inexpensive personal computer with built-in mathematics software program 2The searchers Arnold and Aus identified three generations of graphing calculators scientific calculators with large viewing windows, e.g. The T1-82, those which were to a greater extent respective(a) with a range of numeral functions akin the Casio 98JOG and those with CAS and dynamic geometry like the TI-92. several(prenominal) discussions can be had around the implementation of calculators in mathematics learn and learning and the subject continues to spark debate. Although the resolution of a hand held calculator is not comparable with that of a computer screen there is no need to alter the setting of the classroom or have to foregather access to a number of computers to use it for learning. With regard to computational skills and amiable arithmetic again calculators come up for criticism although there is a definite argument to be had that suggests calculators do not compromise the act of staple numeral skills, as long as those skills are positive first in a conventional environment using pen and root word based calculations. 3ICT can assist with turning algebraic symbols into in writing(p) representations and vice versa. exploitation spreadsheets for algebra can encourage the use of letters to be interpreted as symbols and spreadsheet symbols can be used to solve mathematical difficultys4. Spreadsheets can be utilized to introduce students to a range of mathematical ideas and as a more(prenominal) generic mathematical tool. Recent look for also go forths evidence that young people are beginning to use spreadsheets on their own home computers. 5Dynamic geometry can be used to teach transformation geometry as it can for establishing properties of circles, functions and graphs. un indwelling level curriculum mathematics skills and the application of IT can be linked intrinsically by course of some of the following examples.The pupils dexterity to develop skills of mathematical modeling through and through the exploration, interpretation and explanation of data can be enhanced by using the appropriate brilliantal representations for displaying breeding from a data-set, by experimenting with forms of equations in producing graphs which are good fits for data plots and using motion sensors to produce distance-time graphs. software package can be applied in the context of learning active shapes, space and links with Algebra which automates geometric constructions, carries out specific geometric transformations and performs operations on co-ordinates or is able to incur loci.Finally by enter a formula in algebraic notation to generate determine and match a given set of numbers, this can support the Secondary level skill to explore, describe and condone patterns and relationships in sequences and tables of numbers. 6There are many reasons why mathematics teachers are r eluctant to integrate ICT into teach in the classroom. Many of the computer-based environments are complicated and teachers need to learn themselves how to use these tools effectively for doing mathematics. Although newly qualifying teachers have to pass a basic ICT test as part of their training, it is still difficult for teachers to know where to start, peculiarly some of the older generation of mathematics teachers. In the practical awareness access to computers is not al looks possible for the hit of every nestling being able to learn at the same time and sub-groups and individuals whitethorn have to be established in order to take it in turns to use a single computer in the classroom which can be time consuming and logistically difficult.However computers and calculators can be considered to provide six major opportunities for students learning mathematicsLearning from feedback the computer can provide fast and reliable feedback which is non-judgmental and impartial. This can build students confidence and serve them construct their own ideas.Observing patterns The speed of computers and calculators alters students to provide many examples when exploring mathematical problems.Seeing connections The computer enables formulae, tables and numbers and graphs to be linked easily. The result of comprehend one representation and changes in the other helps pupils to understand the connections in the midst of themworks with dynamic images Students can use computers to manipulate diagrams and encourages them to visualise the geometry.Exploring data Computers enable students to work with real data which can be represented in a variety of ways. This supports its interpretation and analysis.Teaching the computer When students design an algorithmic rule to make a computer achieve a specific task, they are urged to express their commands literally and in a correct order.72) Demonstrate the ability to explore maths and solve maths problems using MAPLE in-d epth.MAPLE can be defined as a positive computer algebra software package which uses simple commands to perform complex operations and enables like by like analysis similar to using a pen and paper. It also allows pupils to c formerlyntrate on on the underlying mathematical principles. 8In Darlene Wus Understanding of compression she uses a number of experiments to determine the benefits of MAPLE on a series of students. She adheres to the flightiness that most traditional algebraic features can be delegated to a computer. In particular using MAPLE most problems can be resolved and retrieve this should be riled out for the benefit of all students studying mathematics. The problem below was assigned to a group of students in a research environmentGraph f(x) = ln(sin(x)* romaine(x)) andg(x) = ln(sin(x)) + ln(cos(x)). What is the relationship between the graphs? Does itcontradict the property ln(x*y) = ln(x) + ln(y)?By using the graphs of these two functions together with the grap hs of sin(x) andcos(x), the students investigated the properties of sin, cos, and lnand show their answers in writing.Students used Maple to draw the two graphs easily, but they lookedentirely different. This led the researchers to wander whether this contradictedln(x*y) = ln(x) + ln(y)? And if so how would students explain it?The experiment needed to be repeated several times, recalling the definitions and properties of ln, sin and cos and concluded that the students assumed the two graphs looked different, whereas they are identical as long as ln(sin(x)cos(x)) and ln(sin(x))+ln(cos(x)) are defined.Wus paper concludes that it is necessary to train students to use mathematical methods effectively not just for the purposes of their job but for the real world and that software programmes that help in this process are fundamental to their learning. However as a number of contradictions and problems emerged with equations through using MAPLE not only does Wu concede that students may be come confused and panic if they cannot attribute the math problem to themselves or the math problem itself. She also notes that when teaching calculus it is important to consider whether such technology is still too overwhelming as well as students becoming dependent on its solutions, rather than working them out traditionally. 9In proportion to this notion other paper with MAPLE as its core area of study is Fitz-Gerald and Healeys enlighten the mathematics curriculum with MAPLE. This discusses the implementation of MAPLE to the undergraduate Mathematics curriculum in a large University in Australia. The overall consensus was that in applying MAPLE, traditional topics that were once unpopular with students were now being approached in a much more understanding and en thuslyiastic way. This experiment demonstrates the advantages of being able to encourage Mathematics by way of helpful software across new audiences who strength not have been inspired previously to study in this area.103. find out the ways in which a particular ICT package or fine art calculator can be used within a learning environment and the advantages/disadvantages of each in enabling effective maths learning.In Horton et als The graphing calculator as an aid to teaching algebra the paper points out that calculators have become popular in the classroom for the benefit of convenience and speed. What the researchers also determined was that tutorials on the Casio FX2.0 and FX 2.0 PLUS models actually change manipulative skills. Students beginning a college algebra course following the tutorial scored significantly higher on a test which involved solving analogue equations and in addition do suggestions for the tutorial also contributing to an value in attitudes.11It is interesting to consider their benefits for something other than the obvious assumptions to be made about graphics calculators. In absolute contrast to all sensed theories Graphic Calculators In The Classroom Student s Viewpoints presents the results of a piece of research carried out amongst low achieving eleventh grade pupils in Portugal. This revealed that curt improvement was gained from introducing graphic calculators to mathematics lessons as the pupils considered the impact of their teacher their teaching style and reputation to be of more educational value to them than the calculator, which improved very little in terms of their academic improvement where mathematics was concerned.12another(prenominal) mayhap more important everyday negative aspect of graphic calculators is their cellular comprehension of games and other non-educative devises such as phonebooks and personal organizers which can detract pupils international from the learning process in the classroom. In addition, the potential for students to store information and consequently cheat during examinations when they are allowed to take calculators in with them in a test environment. The other argument when weighing up som e of the differences between hand-held devices and computer programmes is that a calculator can accompany a student into an examination, whereas a computer cannot. They are flexible and exploiter- friendly as well as being able to be powered by solar energy which is of course far more beneficial to the environment.Another advantage is the diminishing cost of calculators. They can be easily purchased anywhere at a relatively small price in comparison with a computer which It has been suggested recently render(s) the use of graphics calculators much more attractive to schools than computers13Interestingly in his research Spreadsheets, graphics calculators andmathematics education, Barry Kisane provides a suggestion for combining programmes into graphics calculators in order to maximize their potential, thus making them less of a calculator and more of a computer. And notes that The inclusion of these essentialfeatures on graphics calculators seems to extend the range of influence of thespreadsheet as a useful device for mathematics education in second-string schools, and is deserving of attention to exploit it appropriately.14 substantively perhaps the way forward with graphics calculators is to then modify and technologically enhance them that so that they can take on many of the characteristics of the computer whilst not having the capacity to store information that might prove potentially incriminatory to a student in the examination room.BibliographyBishop, A.J, Clements, M.A (2003) Second International enchiridion of Mathematics facts of life SpringerCowan, P (2006) Teaching Mathematics A enchiridion for patriarchal and Secondary School Teachers RoutledgeDa Ponte Canavarro (1993) Graphic Calculators In The Classroom Students Viewpoints Centro de Investigao em Educao da Faculdade de CinciasFitz-Gerald Healey illuminating the mathematics curriculum with MAPLE, Essay taken from Maple V Mathematics and Its applications programme Proceedings of the Map le spend Workshop and Symposium, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, August 9-13, 1994By Robert J. Lopez BirkhuserHorton, R. M., Storm, J., Leonard, W.H. (2004). The graphing calculator as an aid to teaching algebra, Contemporary Issues in engineering science and Teacher development, 4(2), 152 -162.Johnston-Wilder, S, Pimm, D (2005) Teaching Secondary Mathematics with ICT McGraw-Hill InternationalKemp, M, Kissane, B Bradley, J (1995) Assessment and the graphics calculator in Anne Richards (ed.) FLAIR beat links and integrating resources, Darwin, The Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers, 235-241.(Also available at http//wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au/kissane/papers/aamt95.pdfKissane, B (2007) Spreadsheets, graphics calculators andmathematics education, In K. Milton, H. Reeves T. Spencer (eds) Mathematics Essential for learning, essential for life. 21st Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers (pp 331-339), Hobart Australian Ass ociation of Mathematics Teachers.Rielly, C (2004) The exertion of Computer Algebra Software in the Teaching ofEngineering Mathematics, Higher Education AcademySutherland, R (2004) Teaching for Learning Mathematics McGraw-Hill InternationalWu, D, Some Examples on Using Maple to Increase Students. Understandingof Calculus, Sourced from http//archives.math.utk.edu/ICTCM/VOL08/C052/paper.pdf, Date accessed,Footnotes1 Cowan,P (2006) Teaching Mathematics A Handbook for Primary and Secondary School Teachers Routledge2 Bishop,A.J, Clements,M.A (2003) Second International Handbook of Mathematics Education Springer3 Bishop,A.J, Clements,M.A (2003) Second International Handbook of Mathematics Education Springer4 Sutherland,R (2004) Teaching for Learning Mathematics McGraw-Hill International5 Sutherland,R (2004) Teaching for Learning Mathematics McGraw-Hill International6Cowan,P (2006) Teaching Mathematics A Handbook for Primary and Secondary School Teachers Routledge7 Johnston-Wilder, S, Pimm ,D (2005) Teaching Secondary Mathematics with ICT McGraw-Hill International8 Rielly,C (2004) The Application of Computer Algebra Software in the Teaching ofEngineering Mathematics, Higher Education Academy9 (Sourced from http//archives.math.utk.edu/ICTCM/VOL08/C052/paper.pdf, Date accessed, 30/11/0810 Fitz-Gerald Healey Enlightening the mathematics curriculum with MAPLE, Essay taken from Maple V Mathematics and Its Application Proceedings of the Maple Summer Workshop and Symposium, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, August 9-13, 1994By Robert J. Lopez Birkhuser11 Horton, R. M., Storm, J., Leonard, W.H. (2004). The graphing calculator as an aid to teaching algebra, Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 4(2), 152 -162.12 Da Ponte Canavarro (1993) Graphic Calculators In The Classroom Students Viewpoints Centro de Investigao em Educao da Faculdade de Cincias13 Kemp, M, Kissane,B Bradley,J (1995) Assessment and the graphics calculator in AnneRichards (ed.) FLAIR forge links and integrating resources, Darwin, The Australian Association ofMathematics Teachers, 235-241.(Also available at http//wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au/kissane/papers/aamt95.pdf14 Kissane,B (2007) Spreadsheets, graphics calculators andmathematics education, In K. Milton, H. Reeves T. Spencer (eds) Mathematics Essential for learning, essential for life. 21st Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers (pp 331-339), Hobart Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers.

Alphonse Mucha Art Style Overview

Alphonse Mucha Art Style OverviewAlphonse Mucha is best kn let for his luxurious handbill and mathematical product designs, which encapsulate the Art Nouveau style. Interest in his work was revived in 1980 when it was shown at an exhibition at the Grand Palais in capital of France.Alphonse Mucha was born in South Moravia. In 1882 he started to earn a living by painting portraits in Mikulov. The following year wait Khuen kicked Mucha to ornament his castle at Emmahof and his brother Count Egon Belasi became his patron. He was educated at the Munich Academy of Arts and at the Acadmie Julian in Paris and aft(prenominal) completing work for Count Khuen began work as an illustrator in 1889.His graduation work was a theatre magazine authorize Le garment au Theatre and in it his counterbalance drawing of Sarah Bernhardt as Cleopatra appeared in 1890. By 1895 he had signed a six year turn off with Bernardt to produce percentage point and costume designs as well as posters. At t he same time Mucha joined the Salon des Cent, a symbolist group that included Bonnard, M in botharm and Toulouse-Lautrec. He intentional a poster for their twentieth exhibition in 1896 and the next year he exhibited many of his whole shebang at this exhibition as well as at his own one-man show at the Topic Gallery in Prague.between 1903 and 1922 Alphonse Mucha made four visits to the United States where his work proved affairicularly successful. Charles Richard Crane, a Chicago industrialist and Slavophile, agreed to finance Muchas series of 20 huge paintings entitled Slav Epic (1909-1928). He continued to work on a lean of projects, however, including the design of new postage stamps for Czechoslovakia in 1918 and producing a number of posters and designs for public buildings besides the Slav Epic for example, Allegory of Prague (1911) for the Prague Town Hall. He completed the full cycle of the Slav Epic finally in 1928 and it was exhibited at the Trade Fair Palace. Just t hree long time ulterior he was commissioned to produce a stained-glass window for the St. Vitus Cathedral, hence in 1938 embarked on yet another mammoth project involving a triptych, The term of Wisdom, The Age of Love and The Age of Reason. Sadly they were never completed as he died in 1939.For the Slavs, the plastic arts are a popular striving towards a symbolic manifestation a taste for symbols is part of the inheritance of all Slavs That is why the language of symbols is the surest way to communicate our feelings to our brother Slavs. Alphonse Mucha.Alfons Mucha was born in Southern Moravia on July 24, 1860. At the age of 17 the artist left his home, to work as a painter of stage palm trees at the Vienna Ringtheater. When there was a fire at the theater, Mucha incapacitated his job. He found new employment at the Vienese castle with Count Khuen, who became his patron and sent him to the Munich art academy a few years later. From there, Alfons Mucha went on to Paris in 18 87 to continue his studies at the Acadmie Julian and then at the Acadmie Colarossi.Due to a lack of financial support from Khuen, however, the savant was forced to leave the academy and earn a living as an illustrator. During this time he produced a large number of sketches and drawings. These were studies for illustrations, which were later create in Figaro illustr, Petit Parisien illustr and other journals.This early work and the prints for illustrated books like Llfant blanc by Judith Gauthier, at which Alfons Mucha worked during this time, still reflect the usual academic diachronic style of the time. By coincidence, thanks to an employer of Lemercier printers, Mucha was commissioned to design a poster for Sarah Bernhardt in 1894. This provided the launchpad for Muchas future success and importance as an influencial interior decorator of French Art Nouveau.Sarah Bernhardt was impressed by the artists work. From then on, the famous actress not only had Mucha design her poster s but also her costumes and stages. The public also desire Muchas works very much and he became a famous, widely talked some and celebrated master almost over night.Around 1900 Alfons Mucha reached the peak of his fame. Muchas notional theses Documents Dcoratives and Figures Dcoratives influenced the applied art of the time significantly. From now on, wad talk about Mucha style whose typical elements like the arabesque hair and the doughnut surrounding the pistillate profile, were often copied.In 1900 Alfons Mucha took part in the Paris human being Exposition, evoking general attention with his wall decorations in Bosnia and Herzegovinas pavilion. In 1904 Alfons Mucha went to America, where he produced wall decorations, stages settings and portraits during a prolonged stay in New York. alongside he taught drawing and compostition at the Chicago Art Institute.After Muchas devote to his home country, shortly beforehand World War I, he sanctified considerable time to lithogr aphic work. Then he became increasingly engaged by a series of 20 pictures entitled Lpope Slave, the Slavian Epos. Mucha finished the large format continuation (6 x 8m) of the decoration of the Bosnian pavilion in 1928 and donated it to the city of Prague.Alfons Mucha died in Prague shortly before the invasion of Czechoslovakia by German troops on July 14, 1939.Alphonse Mucha with his decorative posters has perform a kind of trademark and synonym for the Art Nouveau movement. In the mid-sixties his poster reproductions had a revival and were popular again among the flower-power and hippie generation.The images on this page are link-sensitive and take you to other articles or web sites in which you might be interested.Alphonse Mucha his Academic TrainingAlfons Maria Mucha was born in Ivancice, a small provincial town in the Czech Republic.He started his artistic career as an autodidact. Alfons Mucha had a vocational training in stage decorations in Vienna from 1879 to 1881. In the evening he attend a class in drawing. After a few daily commissions for decorative paintings, he went to Munich in Southern Bavaria. here he analyse at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts from 1885 until 1887.After Munich, Mucha moved to the mecca of arts, Paris. Here he studied with different teachers. He lived in modest conditions and could outlive with small commissions for book and newspaper illustrations. For a short period he shared a studio with Paul Gauguin.The BreakthroughIn celestial latitude 1894 Mucha became famous with a commission for a poster for the actress Sarah Bernard. Sarah Bernard was a repute of her time. His poster design for the play Gismonda became a sensation in Paris. Sarah Bernhard was delighted. He received an exclusive contract for six consecutive years by the actress. In the following years, he not only designed all her posters, but her theater decorations and costumes as well. From now on the artist was swamped with commissions for all kind of comm ercial print advertising.His StyleBy this time Mucha had develop his own personal style characterized by art nouveau elements, tender colors and bycantine decorative elements. And all these elements were ranked around images of fairy like one-year-old women with long hair and splendid, refined costumes. In the coming years, this type of female images should become his trademark.Mucha used lithography as the printing technique for his posters. The posters are commonly signed in the block. Some of his posters were produced as sets like The Four Seasons. cope sets count among the most searched for of his works.Public Recognition for Alphonse MuchaIn 1890 the artist had his first one man show in Paris with 448 works on display. His art work was not confined to the printing media. He designed tissues, stamps and even bank bills. In 1900 he received a commission by the Austrian government to decorate the Austrian pavilion for the World Fair in Paris of 1900. He became also active in designing jewelry.Between 1904 and 1921 Mucha traveled frequently to the United States. He took commissions in the US and taught art at art academies in New York and Chicago.In 1939 the German Nazis occupied Czechoslovakia. The popularity of the artist made him a number one target for the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police. He was arrested, interrogated and realeased. Shortly afterwards, Alphonse Maria Mucha died on July 14, 1939 in Prague.The city of Prague has dedicated an Alphonse Mucha Museum to the artist.

History and overview of mass customization

History and overview of rush customization fortune Customization is an idea of bring bus merc tip overiseion economics to further more than value in nodes satis pulverization than before with just render unrivaled unit which is unique. David J. Gardners decl be that he been helping manufactures implement sight customization since the first 1980s before Stanly Davis best takeing book in 1987 written ab verboten plug customization more in tall-level vocation scheme for implementing raft customization to a manufacturing smart set.1 portion Customization take aim lurch by reversal standard now in the twenty-first coulomb. Lets start out most(prenominal) quick view for the evolution of the different descent paradigms over the timeIn above diagram, we arse see that in the 19th -20th vitamin C many manufacture ar inventing their line of merchandise with the method acting of craftiness outpution, mass crossroadion and engineer-to- point technology by producin g hold on output in profit and speed. When nearly the end of 20th century approximately manufacture try to revolute their businesses to mass customization paradigms which is more to distinct business paradigms by producing an w atomic number 18 on quest and more in knobs preference fit.21.2 entree to plumping number Customizationwad Customization term was acquire intimately- effn since Joseph Pine prepare his book Market of One- Creating Customer Unique Value through mussiness Customization. In this book he defined plug Customization as producing, arresting, trade and delivering afford commensurate low cost and high choice of bang-ups and operate that interpret client nearly what they want. In new(prenominal) words, the goal is provide end product that meet fillly what they want. 12 In rush Customization business paradigms it mustiness be dynamic or flexible enough to provide node to see haveed products themselves. Thus, it must be quick responsiveness t o what node inevitably, quantity supply, time of deliver and etc In aim to provide customer satisfaction the pricing cost and quality of products atomic number 18 weighty to be modifyd. 1In this 21st century the most popular industry that succeeder implements the chaw Customization and made a great benefit providing economic m angiotensin-converting enzymetary value to customer is dingle. Dell has become the world leader for PC markets in direct gross gross sales via Internet. In the course Dell site sell its computer is simply exploitation the concept demonstrate-to-order which other words are for mass customization. They provide an concord of products and explain clearly to their customer what options the customer kitty direct by their various(prenominal) ineluctably. The excellent job that Dell has do is build the on demand tailor end product after customer proceed the order at their site and dis stupefy to customer slight than 24hour. This is how Dell su premacy in their business strategy by organized easy custom-maked product across the enterprise and become the extended enterprise that the whole world kn give birth.Even though thither are many companies in different kind of industry was succeeder implementing the Mass Customization plainly on that point is also many of them fail. In the occurrence study of business and economic research team with the title nonstarter of the Automobile Industry in Mass Customization Practices they mention that Mass Customization is non feasible for all companies or industries. Thus, in order for a telephoner to success in implement Mass Customization strategy they need virtually key success factor require of strategy. 1 This go forth further wrangle later chapter in the subject hear Success Factor.1.3 Mass Customization (MC) stopcockkit numerous companies in different kind of industries started to offer customer opportunity to customize their own products online. The companies provided a sack-establish mass customization (MC) toolkit that allow customer who prefer to have individualized products just like PCs and Laptops (Dell.com), T-Shirt (CustomInk.com), Sneakers (Nike.com), Kitchens (IKEA.com), Skis (Edelwiser.com) or Cars (Mini) to their specific preferences. MC toolkits defined as a set of user-friendly architectural plan tool which allow user to trial and experience of the protrude surgical bring and it deliver simulated immediate feed digest on the outcome of design idea. Once a satisfactory design are made and paid, the products specification entrust be transferred to manufacture drudgery transcription to be produced and delivered to the customer. Below have some of the actual weave-based MC toolkit standards from different kind of industriesFigure 1.0 An Overview of MC toolkit examples from (www.mass-customization.de/mc07/)Mass reapingion Vs Mass Customization2.1 peculiaritys of Mass takingsMass production cultivation scarper out in to produce large amounts of standardized products in the arrangement of assembly lines.4Typically use big production lines abject tracks or conveyor belts moving down the object of various workers.4 commonly mass production is suitable for large and semi-homogeneous consumer groups. 4Mass production is a large-scale hood-intensive production process Although low labor cost and production efficiency, unless through large-scale production machinery it egotism requires a lot of money and technical labor to install equipment in large quantities.4AdvantagesReduce the possibility of homo error, improve product quality, reduce labor costs and reduce non-productive work. 4Disadvantages fiction line products are difficult to change once enforced and toughened time of establishment. 4Figure 2.0 Ford factory, first moving assembly line, 1913.2.2 Characteristic of Mass CustomizationAccording www.madeforone.com, declare that mass customization enable customers to determine the exact product or service specification, and have the product or the terms available to them closer to a general public for such service have replaced. 4Mass customization often rely on production output, is customized for from individually one user the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing system. 4Mass customized products in minimizing the cost of use the build-to-order method, in which a project is not constructed until the pass of the order, is an important factor. 4The product is built to meet the needs of individual customers. 4It is a software-based product manikin that allows it to add / change a core product features. 4In many cuttings, if a company offers individual products, the products are not made separately, just now the emergence of mass production and variants or become personalized. 4The interface or configure the system, is one of the important part that mediates amidst consumers and manufacturers as a key success of mass customization without a friendly-user i nterface and ease of use, the company will be difficult to be successful. 43.0 Benefits and Drawbacks of Mass Customization (MC)3.1 Benefits of MCSince the improver in number and variety of custom device by increase the efficiency of reducing low-profit.Mass customization is a way to improve loot and reduce costs strategy of species.Whether your company is looking for incremental improvements or take your business next level, your company end not dilate as a custom, if the number and / or theatrical roles are increasing.Mass customization is an enterprise-wide business model to improve efficiency across the enterprise, increase efficiency, expand your sales channels.Accelerate collaborative mass customization, the correct implementation of, and created a veritable excitement.3.1.1 Benefit in the lieu of manufactureMay help to murder a competitive advantageLower costs (storage costs, costs tie in to Product is not for sale)Higher income the amount of profit agency manufactu rers are likely to fall intoaccount, and customers willing to pay customized products at higher prices. variety customer loyaltyBetter needs analysis customers through design their own products to provide a number of breeding about their preferences.Manufacturers and less endangered by demand changes in preferences (market turmoil)3.1.2 Benefit in the vista of customerProducts more suited to customer preferencesGreater opportunity to adjudicate alternativesWhether it is possible to buy at any time and any place (In the case of purchase through the Internet)Convenience of customers3.2 Drawbacks of MC3.2.1 Drawbacks in the position of manufactureAs for the management of high demand and production systems.sometimes costly investment in IT, a flexible manufacturing system and the demand training.The risk of failure in addition to mass customization success stories, there are some cases of failure are too many.3.2.1 Drawbacks in the perspective of customerTakes giganticer deliver periodCannot experience the final product Before buyingMore complex buying processUsually anonymous purchase4.0 From Mass Production to Mass CustomizationIn correspond to the journal crack the Code of Mass Customization the researcher has come out with the factors that needed in order to emerge from Mass Production to Mass Customization. The factors are trey Fundamental Capabilities ( event plaza development, robust process design and woof navigation) and also with several approaches and tool to help companies to develop those mental ability.24.1 Three Capabilities Required (Fundamental Capabilities)4.1.1 Solution Space DevelopmentIdentify the product connect differences along these customers. 2Innovation Toolkit This software enabling customers to the large pool into a unique product change their preferences, so that apiece customer evince that the demand may not be happy.Virtual Concept examen An effective through the creation of virtual prototyping and evaluation of su bmitted scores severalize products approach the concept of potential customers.Customer Experience Intelligence A tool for continuous collection of customer data transactions, behavior or experience and analyze information to determine customer preferences.4.1.2 Robust mold DesignReuse or reorganization and value chain of existing resources to meet the different demands of customers streaming 2Flexible automation Automation is not amend or rigid, and fuck handle custom tangible or intangible goodsProcess modularity Split into reusable or re-performance of the module severalise customer value chain of existing organizations and resources.Adaptive human capital Developing the management and staff who can handle the new and indefinite tasks.4.1.3 Choice NavigationSupport customers in defining their own dissolvents, piece of music minimizing the burden of complexity and choice 2Assortment matching Software solution to match an existing space charactenstics (is a set of options) with the customer demand model, and accordingly make product recommendationsFast-cycle, trial-and-error learning Is a way to enable customers to build their demand model and test the interaction between the model and the available solutions to matchEmbedded configuration Products that understand how they should adjust to the customers and then reconfigure itself accordingly4.2 The Mass Production-Mass Customization ContinuumIn order for a business from mass production to mass customization they must go through the process of building the organizational capabilities (solution space development, robust process design and choice navigation). During the process company might need to improve all trine capabilities at the same time. Dell, has done developed their personal organizational capability toward mass customization that suitable for them and bring ford great result of sales and customer satisfactions. 2Figure 3.0 Dell define it solution space and build a very robust processes, choice navigation still improving.5.0 Key Success FactorsMass customization is that manufacturers able to produce customize product on demand, large-scale and lower costs.But how can we do this?Most experts reckon that mass customization will success depends on the following factors 15.1 Modular Product DesignEach module retains its specific processes (or work) business authority.Without this, personalized products will be very difficult, time consuming, the terms of the slow and very expensive.In modular product design, product designs are under some module or process so that able to produce any type of customization. 1RequirementsWhen necessary preparatory work (which requires an effective supply network), skilled and answer staff of highly educated investment.High standardization of componentsFor organizational structure, improve the coordination between modulesBenefitsStandard components maximize in number of forms used in all products.Shorten production time because all the m odules can be done simultaneously (and not in a sequence) to complete, and therefore greatly reduce the time needed for the production.Easy to diagnose production problems (quality, spoiled products and etc.), resulting in a special isolation control potential quality issues5.2 Flexible Manufacturing ProcessMass Customization produces a variety of different products.This requires a high degree of flexibleness in manufacturing systems.This factor reflects the skill to aline to the differences in the products as a result of the lead time, cost in changing the system and small sum of ordered products. Usually if a company is to effectively organize its modular product design, flexible manufacturing system, so it provides the type and characteristics of time reducing costs. 15.3 Sophisticated Order ManagementMass customization is based on deep understanding of customer needs.Because individual needs are very different, order management system is critical to promote the manufacturer and customer relationships.It (the system) to provide such a database, each client works open a wide range of profiles, and manage the large number of orders for many customers and clients the breadth, and through tracking, and allows easy access to the status of each order in anytime. 1RequirementsClose the relationship with customersHigh system capacity to handle large amounts of information (databases, transactions, etc.)Along the value chain (through the order management system) is highly integrated a high degree of customer participation in the crockeds of product configuration, marketing, sales, manufacturing, distribution, customer requirements also need to know accurate information.An order management system, a typical example is Dell Computer.The site (www.dell.com) allows customers to interact directly with the companies presented their demands.Customers from a number of options, select with the products, just click on the screen to order these products.As the stock and manufacturing, integrating all the departments Dell sales, marketing, finance, billing, logistics, such as through the website, order processing, all of these sectors at the same time, the result is that customers can immediately know, in a very fast and accurately allconditions of purchase.5.4 Integrated information systemInformation systems role in mass customization is the key to success.The primary(prenominal) features of mass customization the uncertainty of the requirements plus the requirements of flexible manufacturing, short tar times, flexibility and rapid response capacity accurately, for an efficient information system to check that the information mobile phone is smooth and accuratebetween customers and manufacturers, has become the companys segments.In order to manage this small to minute, and more to multiple conclusiveness-making, decision support systems, integration of all participants in the organization of information, as well as with customers and manufact urers is essential. 15.5 Postponement of assemblyThe uncertainty of demand for mass customization is a production operating costs are a major obstacle.The system run-time requirements than low production capacity point of view is a aid of sleep, because the manufacturers have closed down days operating on fixed assets, inventory management costs, salaries of maintenance work, heavy, etc., but these costs can be eliminated if the company solutions to lower demand for delay operations.However, it can still encounter that the operation will restart quickly, if demand suddenly rose.A solution to address this challenge is generated by externalities.For example, Nike does not produce itself and its partners in Asia, answerable for the production through the contract.Nikes investment in assembly, material inventory of machines, workers, and factory management is essentially zero.So, when demand falls, Nike just to adjust the contract delivery schedule.In this way, the burden of fixed co sts is no longer Nike.For some products, its packaging division is the foundation, the company can outsource packaging travel to reduce the uncertainty of demand fluctuations. 16.0 The Evolution to Mass CustomizationMass Production machination ProductionMass CustomizationEngineer-to-OrderCraftsmanshipTimeeighteenth century 21st century6.1 CraftsmanshipCraftsmanship is the oldest thousands of years the only methods of production.It is based on a few hand-crafted commodities and delivery of services in a small workshop manual production.At the end of 18th century and in the beginning of 19th century there was a breakthrough and started move in to craft production.6.2 Craft ProductionCraft production or (One-off production- individual article or a large-scale production prototype) is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without aid of tools. 5 in that respectfore, hand tools begin to display by machine and the craftsmanship productions goods and services important reduce from time pass though process in moving to craft production.In term of craft production it refers to parts of the handmade production is automated, but through human factors (skills, experiences and traditions) remains is significant. Craft production was move in at 19th century.6.3 Mass ProductionMass production(also calledflow production,repetitive flow production,series production, or consequent production)is production of large number of standardized products, including in particular on the assembly line.6 In different way of production goods and delivery services simultaneously with manufacturing machine is mass production.In craft production one shop craftsmen busy get parts and assembly together, but in mass production one or more duplicate each worker using the same tools to perform the same consistent product flow or near the action-related tasks.6 In the starting of 20th century Mass Production was be a standards for many companies. So, what is the improvement from craft prod uction to mass production then? See below advantages and disadvantages of mass production.AdvantagesShorter time to production (exact tool or parts always on hand cut short assembling time) 6Human error are reduce cause mostly process run away by machinery. 6 drop-off labour cost and increase production speed per unit carry out by machinery in large-scale. 6DisadvantagesInflexible or difficult to change the production line and takes long time to implement it. 6Difficult to pay individual taste by the similar production.66.4 Engineer-to-OrderEngineer to order (ETO) is a manufacturing concept, the finished product built to unique customer specifications. General gather and the raw materials inventory, but may not go to the product assembly, until the receipt of customer orders and part of the design.ETO products may require a project number, a unique set of materials, as well as routes, and usually a very long time and complexity.Active participation and engineers throughout the de sign process of ordering products. 7ETO same time may refers to Build-to-Order (BTO) which is also a production approach of waiting the order keep up and build it. BTO and ETO are the approach that is most nearer to Mass Customization approach because it waited customer to confirm their order that they need and produce it. In the middle of 20th century ETO was being implemented.6.5 Mass CustomizationMass Customization is an approach that combination with mass production, but is delivering customize product to individual. According to Frank Piller et al said in the business of consumer-focused line of creative strategy, mass customization can be seen as first elaborated the concept, with more than twenty years (the term was created in 1987, Stan Davis) history.8Mass customization, it seems becoming the 21st-century standards.It offering customize product that meet individual demands and still remain the efficiency of mass production. To achieve these efficiency requirements, mass c ustomization system is defined by a fixed solution space in order to stabilize but still flexible, the characteristics of the reaction process.8Therefore, the costs associated with mass customization should allow for a price level that does not mean the market as a switch.The solution is the use of space, who is in the process of the manufacturers comprehensive definition of value creation, configuration or modify the options in a given choice of their respective solutions.If you do not deep involve in the customer, the manufacturer will not be able to fully fill the needs of each individual product.Special tools computer software should enable customers to perform their tasks in this configuration. 8From the evolution from craftsmanship to mass customization, we can see how business flow comes through started focus on individual, then to many consumers and lastly come back again to focus back on individual needs to gain competitive advantages.Mass customization can be categories into three type (Sung Park) saidDigital Front ending/Digital Back devastation Described it as like the virago based on your interest in a fully digital fashion unique pages. 8Digital Front End/Physical Customization and meeting Most businesses will fall into this bucket of mass customization.You design Web-based wienerwurst interface stuff, and some of its factories for the production of improved handed-down manufacturing process.E.g. NikeID, fashion Playtes, or Paragon Lake. 8Sensor based Front End/CAD-CAM Back End This is a relatively passive experience, the best description of the Bronte sisters.In their case the sensor, so that your mouth model, and automated equipment (three-dimensional printer) produces a scanned copy of the physical.There is miniscule human intervention or interference. 87.0 The Effects in Mass Customization by means of the research of Mass Customization (MC), I found a very good journal that support MC effects that generate value to customer which titl e The I Design It Myself Effect in Mass Customization. umteen companies has offer their website that enable customer to customize their own individual customize product which manufacture can produce once confirm order. To this matter, MC toolkits was the significant and roles to gain competitive advantages to generate economic value to customer. There were four factors for MC toolkits needed to achieve 3Preference fits achieved by self design products (should be as high as possible) 3Design drive which is refers to cost (should be as low as possible) 3The awareness of being the creator of the product design a thought of accomplishment from the process of self excogitation in subject value of the product. 3 willingingness to pay when the feeling of accomplishment of the self-design are high then the WTP will be high also and generate value to the creator. 3Above factors are important for companies to develop MC toolkits generate values to the consumer. Therefore, the user-friendly interface, innovative and design of MC toolkits should be good enough to gain customer satisfaction in term of the effects that mention above.8.0 Critical Evaluations8.1 Why I choose Mass Customization for FYP project?For explain question above, first we need to know now normally most people can sell things online at heart just 15min or less than 30min, then they can create a website and start their businesses from (ebay, blog and free siteetc). So, what is my purpose to implement Mass Customization approach in my FYP project? It is to gain competitive advantages and innovative of web design to attract people come to my site.As now ecommerce have been commonly heard and become a traditional way for businesses online. So, what will makes it different? Lets see the answer belowPicture 1 This is the traditional way of T-shirt selling online from (www.t-shirts.com)Picture 2 This is the site that implemented mass customization method that selling T-shirt by customer own design from (ww w.rainbowsports.com)Now, we can clearly see the answer of implementation of mass customization in online business is important and some strategies and factors to success in mass customization as I have discussed above at Chapter 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 7.0.8.2 What is the way to create Mass Customization Site?Well, there is no fix way or range of making a mass customization site as long as we can develop the MC toolkits. As we study in IT in TARC College we learn a lot of technology, software tools and programming languages that can help us to design and come out with our own toolkits by the range our knowledge and effort we put in.I have learn some several ways to create a T-shirt Customization tools with using Asp.net (visual basic code) for the Web pages, Oracle database (Oracle Express 10g free version), Silverlight or adobe Flash CS3 Professional (Flash which use to create the MC toolkits for T-shirt customization).8.3 Does MC make your FYP project applicable to real business?Yes, it will be possible if my project been successfully meeting those requirements in the key success factors and achieved the effects that mention above chapter 7.0 and 5.0. Thus, also include with the advanced of programming code and tools being used to develop a standard website that can probably compete against other companies website.MC website can be in three type of categories that mentions at the 6.5 mass customization to make our site in specific area focus on customer. Thus, to create a singularity MC website we need to refer to 4.1 Three Fundamental Capability that needs to be continuously improved for goods and services provided using MC toolkits.8.4 Will your complete your FYP with what you have planned?For this matter, it will be possible done but in term of time given maybe is a bit rush and hard to complete fully with myself alone. So, this is where the challenge I should face and to wisely spending the time in researching coding and designing user-interface. Therefore , I may look forward to my friend in other courses to help in different area such as garish in action script 3.0 and designing.Lastly, I hope this project would be successful completed in time and in future work it may possible for me to look forward 3D customization in web design.Harvard Reference1 Pollard, D. and Shirley, C. and Brian, L. 2008. Journal of Business Economics Research Strategies For Mass Customization. Vol. 6, No.7, pp.77-862 Salvador, F. and Holan, P.M. and Piller, F. 2009. Cracking the Code of Mass Customization. MIT SLOAN Management Review. Vol.50, No.3, pp.71-783 Franke, N. and Schreier, M. and Kaiser, U. 2010. The I Designed It Myself Effect in Mass Customization. Management Science. Vol. 56, No. 1, pp.125-140Online/ Others Resources4 Seaman, K. 2007. Mass Production versus Mass Customization. Viewed on 24 October 2010. Available from 5 Wikipedia, 2010. Craft Production. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from 6 Wikipedia, 2010. Mass Production. Viewed on 3 0 October 2010. Available from 7 BigMachines, 2010. Engineer-to-Order (ETO). Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from 8 P2P bottom Wiki, 2009. Mass Customization. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from 9 David J. Gardner. 2009. Some Benefits of Mass Customization. Viewed on 30 October 2010. Available from

Factors Affecting Retention Of Denture Health And Social Care Essay

Factors Affecting Retention Of scale Health And Social C atomic number 18 probestableness is the prevention for home plate shank to move in a horizontal direction and from sliding front or back and stance to side.It is more important in lower have it away plateful.If the ridge is high and broader than there allow be better stability.Support is the ability of shell to move vertically towards the arch.It is provided by gums and buccal vestibule in inframaxillary arch mend in maxillary arch palate helps to incite crustal plate.In graze to subscribe grievous support photographic plate rims should be larger. magnificence OF COMPLETE DENTURENow a days.the dietary habits of the people increases demand of using shell as the tooth decay or loss whitethorn conk as a result of careis,periodontal destruction and un escortled diabetes.In order to achieve achievement in treatment, almost of the matters should be considered.In complete shell,the attitude and pauperization of t he patient should be evaluated.The dentist should know about the patients problem and demands and memory in mind try to meet expectations.The whole procedure in the fabrication of complete denture including problems in retention,support and stability of denture mustiness be explained to the patient.After this the dentist must work with the patient to get success in matters such as speech,mastication,esthetics and neuromascular control.By solving pateints complain positively,dentist can satisfy the patient and even train the patient to solve their problems in future.At perish,it is the calling of dentist to in institute patient that the success of complete denture depends on the detectance of denture at home as well as heavy(a) regular visits to dentist.FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION OF DENTUREANATOMICAL FACTOR (DENTURE baby carriage AREA)Retention also depends on the size and quality of denture fashion battleground.The retention increases as the increase in size of denture pushchair region.Maxillary denture bearing area is 24 sq.cm and mandibular denture bearing area is slight(prenominal) 14 sq.cm. So mandibular denture has less retention than maxillary denture.http//www.drchetan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/maxilla-mandible-denture-bearing-area.pngDr. Chetan Objectives of Impression making in complete denture 2010ROLE OFIMPRESSION MAKING FOR RETENTIONThe impression of complete denture is a very important step.The impression of the upper and lower jaw the outskirt of ridges,post dam area,recording of retromylohyoid fossa and recording of the depression of coronoid process in upper impression is important in to form good retentive denture.The break of meander during impression making is also important in this regard. duty period of the meanders also affect the retention. Those tissues which were displaced during impression making can rebound while using dentures, leading to loss of retention. Dr. Chetan 2010.ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREThe atmospher ic thrust is considered to have some usage in complete denture retention.It is precisely workable when there is lower pressure chthonian the denture and front man of vaccum.The vaccum is created by applying pull which increase the volume amidst denture prat and on a lower floorlying tissue to maintain seal around some area for lower pressure to be constant.Thus the retention is produced beca make delectation of of pull and displacement.Some times the right(a) seal of acrylic to mucosa is not formed and some the opposite factors are indispensable. Thus, all parts of the system of denture and wearer are undetermined to the atmospheric pressure, and the hydraulic nature of the soft tissue means that, under expecting conditions this will be transmitted into the region betwixt denture and tissue hydrostatically. Under normal conditions as there is no pressure oddment and no static retaining index so the atmospheric pressure has no bearing on retention. (B. W. Darvell,and R. K. F. Clark.)ADHESIONAdhesion is the physical interaction amongst two unlike molecules with iodine another.In denture it is mainly applicable among the expectoration and the denture base material(acrylic resin).The closer the coat of denture and spittle,the affixation is increased.The affixation is more if contact angle is less.The wetting of saliva is more on oral examination mucosa than on denture base.thus adhesion also depends upon the pastelikeness of saliva.The thin layer binds more effectively than thickset only if filamentous saliva whitethorn have some advantage especially resisting incline into piazza between denture base and mucosa,this is negated if the film formed is thick in first place.COHESIONThis is a physical attraction of standardised molecules with each other and occur in saliva layer.If the saliva is less,there is attach reduction in cohesive force.This means if the larger the aerofoil area of denture base,there are more chances of cohesiv e force will act.These forces are less effective than cohesive forces.The formation of bubbles in saliva will also decrease retention.http//www.drchetan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/retention-factors-impression.pngDr. Chetan Objectives of Impression making in complete denture 2010SURFACE TENSIONIt is the difficulty to seprate two well adapted muster having thin film of liquid between turn ups which is due cohesive forces occur at surface of liquid.It is like to the forces which causes the liquid to rise in capillary tubing tube. These forces are increased when the denture base is close to the mucosal surface.The fondle the palate,difficult to displace the denture as compared to high palate.WETTABILITYWhen a solid surface is wetted by liquid ,its retention increases .Some of the strength is required to break the adhesion between them.It there is no or less wetting,the less force is needed for the sepration of denture from saliva and there is lack of retention.Although,the acry lic is wetted by water but as the saliva is rich in proteins and mucoplysaccharides form a strong bond and create a more wettable surface.If the surface is treated by any material may be adsorbed by saliva so may not help in providing good retention.SURFACE ROUGHNESSIf the surface roughness is increased ,the adhesion between saliva and denture is also improved.GRAVITYIt is only appied when the denture is resting on mucosa under its own weight.In order to hold the denture gravitational force should be raised but in case of upper denture it may result in lack of retention and dropping of denture as person wearing denture face in descending(prenominal) position.The lower denture is only few grams in mass and change magnitude it can be resulted in fatigue of the jaw carrying load and may contribute to temporomandibular joint problems.VISCOSITYThe viscosity of saliva plays an important role in a sepration of two surfaces after the force is use.The viscosity of saliva is not under cont rol and is time dependent.The viscous material is recyclable in denture retention to some extent as slipstream of it with time can reduce efficacy.SEATING FORCEAfter the inserting denture in oral cavity ,a pressure or force is applied to get retention. The instantaneous effect will be to confirm the thinnest executable saliva film and so the best result is caused by the viscous retardation of displacement. This must also be achieved at the expense of some displacement of the supporting soft tissue, and if this created a better fit, it would not last long as that tissue rebounded elastically. (B. W. Darvell, and R. K. F. Clark)PERPHERAL SEALIn order to get good retention denture base is closely attach to the oral mucosa with a thin film of saliva between them .The severance of this may result in loss of retention. This can occur on the springs of denture because the endeavor of tissue here is under the control of musculature.so a layer of saliva should be maintained at the exte rnal surface of denture.If the flange of denture is thin and the tissues is at rest, the saliva flows rapidly between the tissue surfaces ,flange and then to the fitting surfaces will result in the weak displacement of denture.If the space between denture flange and tissue is narrow,there is speechless and even flow of saliva and the good retention of denture.The dimension of the flange of denture should promote the proper movement of muscle and overlying tissues without displacing denture base. If extension of denture is too far in the sulcus than the muscular movement can result in displacement of denture along with sulcus ulceration.If it is less extended into sulcus there is less retained saliva and the loss of retention.The upper denture is extended as far as possible but not on the soft palate.This shows that the posterior seal is not present.It is obtained if the displaced tissue also move with the denture during function.This can be done by making post dam area by creating raised grooves on posterior surface.BuccalComplianceLow pressureNarrow spacefor viscous flowSurface tension(B.W Darvell and R.K.F CLARK The Physical Mehanism Of Complete Denture Retention2000)ORAL AND FACIAL MASCULATUREThe normal movement of oral and seventh cranial nerve musculature can also provide retention,if the denture work in harmony with the muscles.The flanges of upper denture slope outwards and upwards in way that the action of buccinator muscle helps to shoes the denture.During incision,forces acting anteriorly on the denture is may tend to tip the denture and posterior border of denture move downwards because posteriorly the base of tongue may respond forces which occur anteriorly on denture.In case of lower denture,the buccal flange move outward and downward from the teeth so that the buccinators propely seat the denture.The lingual flange slopes towards floor of mouth helping the tongue to rest against it.The distal end of flange rests in retro mylohoid fossa to mai ntain peripheral seal and to prevent displacement of denture against lateral forces. occlusiveThe placement of artifical teeth and arch form should me maintain in the same postion as that of natural teeth so that they will work in a harmony with musculature.The teeth is then better to place in a neutral zone.In order to get balance occlusion the utmost number of teeth should be in contact with eachother.After the insertion of denture,high occlusal vagrant should be removed to enhance the efficacy and retention of denture.MECHANICAL AND opposite FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTIONThe under cut which is present on one side of the ridge helps in retention but bilateral under should be surgically corrected as they cause difficulty in retention of denture.The use of denure adhesives and pastes also improve the retention of denture.The magnets and suction magnetic disk also play an important role in this regard.Now a days,the use of suction disc is prohibited as continuous use of denture with suction disc affect the palate and may result in oroantral communication.The continuous use of denture in diabetic patient may loss retention due to bone resorbtion.Thus relining or rebasing of denture is required to increase retention.In pshycomotor patient retention of denture is a problem which is solved by proper counselling of patient. A training device is make in combination with an exercise program to teach muscle control for retention of a mandibular denture. It consists of a shellac record base which is connected with string to an extraoral spring balance scale. The patient is guided to use the tongue, cheek and lip muscles for denture retention. The patient is then instructed to displace the position record base by pulling on the scale. The increase in measurements on the scale show good resistance to displacement of the denture base.( Escoe R 1989)REFRENCES1.Escoe R. Psychomotor patient training to enhance retention of complete dentures. (1989) May-Jun2(3)243-4.2. Dr. Ch etan. Objectives of Impression making in complete denture( 2010).3. Terry Weber.Comfortable Dentures Need Support, Stability and Retention.4. David M. Roessler. Complete denture success for patients and dentists(2003).5. B. W. Darvell, and R. K. F. Clark, The physical mechanisms of complete denture retention(2000).

Global Reputation of American People Essay -- essays research papers

The AmericanIf asked to describe Americans in a few words, some outlanders may use such adjectives as powerful, influential, smart, wealthy or patriotic. Undoubtedly former(a)s allow for venture on to pronounce that Americans be lazy, spoiled, reckless, arrogant, or foolish. There is no doubt that a foreigner who has never stepped foot on American soil will in all likelihood contract distorted moreover firm views of America, its people and its government. This is because America is really influential, both positively and negatively, around the world. For any born and raised American it may still be hard to crack up a clear, artless perception of America, simply because America is so diverse and few have seen all that the United States has to offer. As a born and raised American, who has seen just now a glimpse compared to what is offered within the boundaries of our country, non to mention, I have yet to have the opportunity to see and live in any other country, by which I could compare America. I can only give an overview of what I have observed, both first-hand and second. Americans are for the most part ignorant, selfish, egotistical, and irrational, however, we are also diverse, enterprising, competitive, and?best of all?liberated.I could not imagine myself alive in Iraq right now?nor any other far extraneous country for that matter. What?s worst than the fact that I can?t is that many don?t try. Not only is the most indigent American citizen entitled to some means of government nourishment but many complain about it. We also love to accept upbeat checks, complain that immigrants are taking our jobs, and at the same time refuse the jobs that are ?below? us as Americans. It isn?t just the pass up class either, the upper and middle class is guilty of ignorance an... ...hat are defend us. One recent case was with the Patriot Act. After the occurrence of 9/11 everyone, for the most part, was in favor of the Patriot Act because they believed it would entertain them. However, after the nation?s nerves began to settle and people weren?t as anxious, many Americans decided the Patriot Act was actually awkward for them and changed their minds. It would seem that no matter how much freedom is awarded to us we will never be satisfied. Furthermore, Americans happen to be indecisive and irrational when it comes to their stimulate government.In all, Americans can be ignorant, selfish, egotistical, irrational and indecisive, while also be diverse, enterprising and competitive. Best of all, we are liberated. Of course my views are only generalizations. As I said, we are a diverse people and do not share any characteristics as a nation.

Cyberpunk on the Web Essay -- Websites Internet Design Essays Papers

drudge on the sackdecision information on the World colossal Web can scantily be called troublesome most of the time its as easy as clicking a button. However, finding information that one would consider good or visually appealing seems a more difficult task. Many measure web designers throw meaningless fluff onto the medium, not bothering to think about the cleanliness of the work or the aesthetic value of the overall creation. The World Wide Web holds more than just data, it holds images images intertwined with the information to build a unyielding image of the work. Web scallywags should convey an idea quickly and efficiently, either with good writing or visual aids, and should not confuse the exploiter with misleading images and phrases. Also, web rogues should not be bulky that means that they should be small and direct, not embedded with huge images that would ordinarily tax even up the speediest of data lines. The Cyberpunk home page, a personal page set(p) at the U RL http//www.cs.uidaho.edu/lal/cyberspace/ hack/cyberpunk.html, excels in its computational efficiency. In regards to the visual and informative aspects of the page, however, the Cyberpunk page falls short of perfection.The Cyberpunk home page is not commerical in nature. Rather, it is maintained by Luke Shenman, a student at the University of Idaho. Some would argue that because it is not a mercantile page, it should not be evalutated by the same criteria as a commercial-grade page. However, there ar many personal pages that, judged alongside commercial pages, would intend higher marks. Commercial enterprises who have a presence on the Web dont know why theyre there, but they know that they should be. Many personal pages, though, are created by designers who have expe... ...rown together with haste, and it shows where things were haphazardly placed. The page needs housecleaning, and badly.Overall, Id prescribe that The Cyberpunk page could use a lot of work. A straitlaced b ackground to get cracking with, but not necessarily a gauzy background. Rather, a harsh background would convey more of the point of the cyberpunk movement, as well inviting the user to explore the genre. Reorganization of the subheadings and some fasten of the text would benefit the work greatly, with some parts of the first page moved to subsequent pages with more elaboration. A new title image, impartation the harshness of the cyberpunk psyche, would be a good way to start off the page. Finally, some images of cyberpunk characters and fiction would brighten up the page while still gently prodding the user toward the information, which is the whole point of the World Wide Web.

Understanding the Social Contexts in which Art Works are Created :: essays papers

ground the Social Contexts in which Art whole shebang argon CreatedWhen analyzing artwork, in any form, there are often clock social contexts in which can be interpreted. Not always does the biography behind the painting need to be revealed to fully understand the opinion of the artwork, yet it is helpful in determining if the artwork is truthful in its representation. Although in analyzing artwork it is likely that there are drawbacks to considering the social context. To beautify this point, Im going to use the visual arts as my ordinary of choice. Understanding the social context can be an important tool. An advantage of penetrative the history of the painting or sculpture can really ameliorate our knowledge, being in the 21st century, about some of the social periods from anterior fourth dimensions. It can demonstrate how traditions were carried out, how they had an impact on the different social classes. Its a visual teaching aid of a sort. Even in the time period of which the artwork was created can be used as a tool to pose how the life was in different parts of the world. It was in like gentlemanner used as a hammer in the realist movement to show the upper classes that life for the poor was horrible. The visual arts is the only medium in which the pictorial image creates a universal language in which anyone, regardless of nationality or social class can interpret. The text which is created by this language often creates a context which is left open to variant. Contexts are created by the artist, critics, judges, the public, essentially, any one who views the work and forms an opinion relating to it. The contexts stem from bow or content of an artwork, and are usually facts regarding the content. Yet, the contexts almost always shake backgrounds themselves, therefore making the original contexts, texts. This will be more intelligibly illustrated later. The chain is seeming to be a never ending process. in that respect are always more conditions to the previous ones. All context, therefore, is in itself, textual. This model of all context in itself textual is a post-structuralist strategy. A man named Derrida is a man who has developed this idea that the post-structuralist concept of every avouchment made, can be interpreted in infinite ways, with each interpretation triggering a range of subjective associations. Every statement has an association, therefore its a sort of domino effect.

A Glimpse into Nineteenth Century Brazil Essay -- Brazil History Histo

Esau and Jacob by Joaquim Machado de Assis portrays the roiled relationship between twin brothers, Pedro and Paulo, during the late nineteenth century the twin symbolize the Brazilian semipolitical struggles during the transition from a monarchy to a republic. The brothers are emblematically born in 1870, at the end of the Paraguayan War, a meter when the Brazilian political elite split between conservatives and reformers (xiii). The brothers fight their most contentious arguments regard politics. Paulo is a republican and Pedro is a monarchist. The only commonalities the check have are their love for their mother, Natividade, and their courtship of phytology. As an allegory, Natividade represents the old realm of Brazil prior to the end of the monarchy and Flora represents the new Brazil, which wavers between conservatism and liberalism. Both boys, and both political ideologies, vie for Floras affections, just she, like the budding Brazilian nation, cann ot choose between the suitors or the twain political beliefs. In a pessimistic foreshadowing of the future, Flora dies without deciding between Pedro and Paulo, an ominous message from Machado de Assis regarding Brazils indecision to clop a definitive ideology after the fall of the monarchy. Despite Floras and Natividades dying wishes for the twins to cooperate, Pedro and Paulo are unable to finish their malicious antagonism, another grim reminder from Machado de Assis approximately the fruitlessness of political bickering and a warning about the future of Brazil.Why rake Esau and Jacob Unlike a conventional history book, the novel Esau and Jacob provides a personalised glimpse of Brazilian society as it transitions from monarchy to republic. Joa... ...Empire and Stringing Together a nation provides an integrated perspective of the complications of a divided Brazil during the fall of the monarchy. De Assis writes about the personal experiences and utilizes cha racters to convey the feelings and ideas of the time, Da Costa provides historical analysis as to why the monarchy collapses, debunks the myth of racial democracy, and Diacon explains how the two Brazils become one Brazil, a concept de Assis could not imagine. The three books depict a more achieve image of Brazil during the fall of the empire. Works CitedDa Costa, Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1985. De Assis, Joaquim Machado. Esau and Jacob. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000.Diacon, Todd. Stringing Together a Nation. Duke University Press, Durham 2004.

Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion Essays

Salvation In Langston Hughes essay Salvation, Langston talks virtually the first time he is going to be saved from infernal region. Langston is a young boy around the age of thirteen. He is going to perform to command Jesus for the first time. In which case, he unfeignedly experiences devotion for the first time in his life. Throughout this essay Langston uses many write up techniques such as, imagery, metaphors, and irony to explain his interpretation of that one night when he did not see Jesus. It was the night of the big revival, and Langston, a young boy going on the age of thirteen, was brought to his Aunt Reeds church building to see Jesus and be saved from sin. His auntie told him, when you were saved from sin you saw a light, and something happened to you inside (219). He believed her. When he was brought to church, his aunt tell him to the front row, where he sat calmly and patiently in the heat, delay for the preacher to begin the service. The Preacher welcomed the young lambs (219) and started his sermon. Towards the end of his speech he invited the young children to the altar to be saved. At this point, Langston was confused because he was not seeing Jesus before him. All the young boys and girls sprang to their feet except Langston and other boy named Westley. They were the only two left on, what the parishioners of the church called, the mourners bench (218). Finally, Westley became very restless and decided that he was not going to sit on this bench anymore. Langston was left on that point all alone untilhis aunt ran everyplace to him and asked him why he was not going to Jesus. She knelt there and prayed for him. Langston sat there waiting for something to happen, but secret code He truly wanted to see Jesus but he did not. Finally, he thought to himself and saw that nothing had happened to Westley for lying rough not seeing Jesus. Langston then decides that he, too, will go to the altar and lie, hoping that nothing will happen to him for lying to God. Suddenly, loud cries of prevail were heard throughout the church and everyone was pleased to see that all the impertinently young lambs were blessed in the name of God (220). That night Langston cried because he did not understand why he did not see Jesus. His aunt had heard him and explained to his uncle, the Holy Ghost had come into my life (220). From that point on he did not believe there was a Jesus, since he d... ...fighting his feelings about not seeing Jesus. He feels that he is lying to God and himself by getting up and creation saved even though he cannot see Jesus. Even though the indorser knows that he truly is being saved from sin. He is doing something good for himself. Therefore, we can see that he truly does not understand the meaning of God. He is a child on the verge of adulthood. He has every right to be confused and misunderstand religion because he is learning. Religion is metaphorical and imaginative it is what you believe it to be.Langston Hughes tack together himself in a world of misunderstanding. His confusion leads him to believe that there is no Jesus. This is part of the growing process. Learning from your own experience is the most consequential part of life. Conflict and struggle are also important aspects of life. They go under each and every part of a humans invigoration day. Therefore, the narrative techniques used throughout this essay truly help the reader visualize what the author sees, feels, and hears.Work CitiedHughes, Langston. Salvation. Subjects and Strategies.Ed. Paul Eschholz and Alfred Rosa.8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 218-22.

Leaders in Business Essay -- essays research papers

The barter sector in todays society is increasing rapidly, and with this step-up comes the need for more people to manage and lead development companies. This growing need withal raises some potential questions Can anyone bring about a leader or a manager? Is there a dissimilitude between the two? Can people be trained to become leadership or managers? Just like many other questions that talent be asked in business these questions have no one, definite answer. lets begin first by acknowledging the definitions of the two root spoken language the word manage room to handle, where as the word lead means to go. Similarly as the two words have different definitions, they besides have different purposes. To help individuals increase their potentials in business, an internationally acknowledge motivational speaker by the name of Marc Sanborn has developed certain theories that, a great deal like in science or art, prove some things to be more true than others by providing sup porting facts to prove the validity of certain ways of beting. Many of Marcs theories validate the fact that in general, erect managers t exterminate to be sober leaders, except respectable leaders be not always grievous managers.It is said, "Any company that cannot imagine the future wont be around to enjoy it." Therefore in the lead any manager or leader can affect changes in their business they have to do what Marc describes as visioning they must mentally research into what they want to see as the potential outcome of any habituated situation. Managers are concerned with the problem at hand they focus on what has to be make. Leaders on the other hand, notice what has to be done, but spend their time figuring out how to get it done. Marc states managers vision the destination, leaders vision how to get there. To be an effective leader it is grave to focus on the gritty details of a situation, look for opportunities and how to hand them. Visioning cannot be taught but can be developed. Marc suggests people start from the end and work backward, or think to themselves what will this team accomplish because of me? leaders is all about taking an organization to a place it would not have otherwise gone without you, in a value-adding, measurable way. When you vision, you think your way into a situation and it is the approach in visioning that separates managers from leaders.Visioning however is not the only method that separate... ...by now that there indeed is a variance between managers and leaders and it is eventually the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinative of your leadership role. Marc Sanborn explains that managerial power is positional power it is power e rattlingwhere people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the expat there, whether you try to be efficient or effective, and whether you focus on the hurry or the path all come into p lay as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be improved and developed, if they are all concentrate on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done efficiently and also do it right at the same time. Managers are good disciplinarians they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. However good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of getting the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just arent and do not want to be, managers.